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Drafting the manuscript





Drafting the manuscript


As no two authors write in the same way, no one can say which way of writing will suit you best. You will have to find out for yourself. The writing procedure described here is the one I personally have found most useful - by trial and error. Hopefully you may find some portion of it to adopt. A central part of this writing scheme is to collect ideas while the study is in progress.
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Volunteer Samples




Random sampling of broad populations is possible for survey research in which slight demands are made on the subjects. For example, most public-opinion polls are able to obtain random samples since they typically ask only a few questions and take only a few minutes of the respondent's time. Demands on the subject are much greater in most educational research; consequently, even if the researcher selects a random sample he can rarely get cooperation from all the subjects selected. (You will recall that when some subjects refuse to participate in a study, the remaining subjects no longer constitute a random sample because persons who agree to participate are likely to be different from those who do not.) For educational studies that employ other methods than survey, such as correlational or experimental research, the demands on the subject are usually much greater and consequently it is virtually impossible to obtain the cooperation of all subjects selected by random sampling.
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Sampling Techniques: Cluster Sampling
Cluster Sampling In cluster sampling the unit of sampling is not the individual but rather a naturally occurring group of individuals. Cluster sampling is used when it is more feasible or convenient to select groups of individuals than it is to select individuals from a defined population. This situation occurs when it is either impractical or impossible to obtain a list of all members of the accessible population. Suppose, for example, that one's defined population consists of all residents over the age of eighteen in a particular city. Simple random sampling or systematic sampling could be used if an up-to-date, complete census of all the city's individuals and their ages is available. If not, then cluster sampling is advisable.
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Sampling Techniques: Stratified Sampling
Stratified Sampling In many educational studies, it is desirable to select a sample in such a wav that the research worker is assured that certain subgroups in the population will be represented in the sample in proportion to their numbers in the population itself. Such samples are usually referred to as stratified samples. Let us say, for example, that we wish to conduct a study to see if there are significant differences on Thematic Apperception Test aggression scores of pupils at different ability levels selected from ability-grouped sixth-grade classrooms. Under this grouping system, pupils are classified into three levels on the basis of general intelligence and placed in classrooms accordingly.
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