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Sampling Techniques: Simple Random Sampling
As we have already mentioned, sampling involves the selection of a portion of a population as representative of that population. To help ensure that the sample is representative, the ideal solution, seldom achieved, is to select a random sample from the target population. A random sample is one in which each individual in the defined population has an equal chance of being included. It should be noted that the use of sampling techniques can be quite complicated. This is particularly true when these techniques are used to draw a random sample from a national population. However, sampling from a national population usually occurs only in survey research, such as public opinion polls. Samples used in experimental, causal-comparative, or correlational research are generally drawn from a much more limited accessible population, such as all the elementary school teachers in a particular school district.
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Defining The Population
Sampling means selecting a given number of people from a defined population, as representative of that population. One type of population distinguished by educational researchers is called the target population. By target population, also called universe, we mean all the members of a real or hypothetical set of people, events, or objects to which we wish to generalize the results of our research. The advantage of drawing a small sample from a large target population is that it saves the researcher the time and expense of studying the entire population. If the sampling is done properly, the researcher can reach conclusions about an entire target population that are likely to be correct within a small margin of error by studying a relatively small sample.
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From Nothing, to Monumental, to Agile

What Is Agile?

Agile methodology is an approach to project management, typically used in software development. It helps teams respond to the unpredictability of building software through incremental, iterative work cadences, known as sprints. But before discussing agile methodologies further, it’s best to first turn to the methodology that inspired it: waterfall, or traditional sequential development.
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Statistical Analysis: Evaluating Single-Subject Designs

The purpose for using behavior modification and applied behavior analysis techniques In the classroom is to achieve, and verify, meaningful changes in a student's behavior. The effectiveness of an intervention is commonly judged against both an experimental criterion and a therapeutic criterion. The experimental criterion verifies that an independent variable (an intervention) was responsible for the change in the dependent variable (a behavior). Single-subject designs demonstrating within-subject replications of effect satisfy this criterion (Baer, Wolf, & Risley, 1968; Barlow & Hersen, 1984 Kazdin, 1977).
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