| Description | The Internet has a loosely hierarchical structure. At the top of the
hierarchy are the backbones, also called Internet Access Providers
(hereafter IAPs). The second layer of the hierarchy is comprised of
Internet Service Providers (hereafter ISPs). At the bottom of the
hierarchy are the end users, consumers, who browse the web, and
websites. To provide access to the whole Internet, the providers must
interconnect with each other and share their network infrastructure.
Two main forms of interconnection have emerged – peering under which
the providers carry each other’s traffic without any payments and
transit under which the downstream provider pays the upstream provider
a certain settlement payment for carrying its traffic. |
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