Glossary
Glossary | |
These is glossary of research key terms. This glossary is intended as an aid to
professionals and non-professionals who find the world of research
somewhat intimidating. While it is impossible to cover all the terms
that can be confusing, this document briefly defines some of the more
common terms and concepts. | |
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| Term | Definition |
| Paradigma | 1. A set of principles, theories and methods that encompass a scientific idea. 2. Kuhn defines a paradigm in two ways: first as the entire constellation of beliefs, values and techniques shared by a scientific community; and secondly as the procedures used to solve specific problems and take theories to their logical conclusion. Kuhn also suggests that paradigms function as maps or guides, dictating the kinds of problem/issue which are important to address, the kinds of theories or explanations that are regarded as acceptable, and the kinds of procedure that are used to tackle particular problems. Guba and Lincoln (1998, p.195) argue: 'From our perspective, both qualitative and quantitative methods may be used appropriately with any research paradigm. Questions of method are secondary to questions of paradigm, which we define as the basic belief system or worldview that guides the investigator, not only in choices of method but in ontologically and epistemologically fundamental ways'. They go on to assert: 'Paradigm issues are crucial; no inquirer ? ought to go about the business of inquiry without being clear about just what paradigm informs and guides his or her approach (p.218). [Reference: Guba, E.G. and Lincoln, Y.S. (1998) 'Competing paradigms in qualitative research', in Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (editors) The landscape of qualitative research: theories and issues, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage, pp.195-220] For the purpose of the distance learning research modules, we use the term paradigm to denote a worldview based on a set of values and philosophical assumptions that are shared by a particular academic community and that guide their approach to research. |
| Parameter | 1. A summary value calculated from a population (as opposed to a sample). Contrasts with statistic. 2. A characteristic of a population (e.g. the mean age of all nurses studying the MSc in Nursing by distance learning with the RCN Institute). |
| Parametric statistics | A type of inferential statistic that involves the estimation of at least one parameter. Such tests require either interval or ratio data and involve a number of assumptions about the variables under investigation including the fact that the variable is normally distributed. |
| Partial table | The table for each category of the control variable in a three-variable table. |
| Participant observation | a specification of field study which specifies the participation and observation components. |
| pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan terhadap kine | pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan terhadap kinerja karyawan |
| Percent distribution | The set of categories and the percent in each. |
| Glossary V2.0 | |
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