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Glossary
These is glossary of research key terms. This glossary is intended as an aid to professionals and non-professionals who find the world of research somewhat intimidating. While it is impossible to cover all the terms that can be confusing, this document briefly defines some of the more common terms and concepts.

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Term Definition
Secondary analysis
a form of research where data collected by others, researchers, government agencies or organizations for their own purposes is used for a different research purpose e.g. the officially collected census and criminal justice data used in this module for research purposes.
 
Secondary data analysisA research method where data collected by one researcher is reanalyzed by another researcher for either different or the same purpose.
 
Semiology or SemioticsThe science of signs and symbols
 
Significance (statistical)
1. Refers to the probability that an occurrence, a relationship or a distribution did not occur by chance, was not due to sampling error (obtaining an unusual, non typical sample). A test of significance determines the probability a relationship or distribution is real and not due to chance. See significance (substantive) for popular usage. 2. the likelihood that a table distribution, a relationship, etc. could have occurred by chance.
 
Significance (substantive)Refers to the socially defined importance of a finding e.g.
 
Significance level
Established at the outset by a researcher when using statistical analysis to test a hypothesis (e.g. 0.05 level or 0.01 significance level). A significance level of 0.05 indicates the probability that an observed difference or relationship would be found by chance only 5 times out of every 100 (1 out of every 100 for a significance level of 0.01). It indicates the risk of the researcher making a Type I error (i.e. an error that occurs when a researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it is true and concludes that a statistically significant relationship/difference exists when it does not).
 
Simple Random Sample (SRS)
1. A sample of a population where all units in the population have an equal chance of being chosen. This is a basic assumption for data analysis using statistics e.g. if the names of all people in a school were placed on an index card, mixed in a bowl and drawn one at a time to determine the sample. 2. sample in which every case or combination of cases has the same chance of being selected in the sample.
 


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