Glossary | |
| These is glossary of research key terms. | |
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| Term | Definition |
| Operational definition | 1. The procedures or operations used to observe or measure a specific concept. Operationalisation is the process of translating specific research concepts into observable phenomena that are measurable. 2. a specific, precise statement of a concept (variable) in terms of the operations used to measure and categorize observations. For example the operational definition for gender could be the choice selected by a person answering the question "What is your gender ___(1) female ____(2) male" or in secondary analysis the operational definition of crimes could be the number of crimes reported by official agencies (police, sheriff) of a county in their annual report. |
| Operationalize | Putting ideas into action. Translating a hypothesis into a test. |
| Opinion | Statement of one's beliefs or feelings. |
| Ordinal measurement | a level of measurement that is characterized by having a rank or order to the measurement of the variable attributes, mathematically this allows all functions of nominal measures plus ranking -- making greater than and less than comparisons. Statistically acceptable techniques are median, Interquartile range, Spearman's rho, Mann-Whitney U. Examples include: military grades (private, sergeant etc.), most attitude question choices [(1)strongly agree to (6) strongly disagree]. |
| p value | p is the symbol for the probability that is associated with the outcome of a test of the null hypothesis (i.e. it is the probability that an observed inferential statistic occurred through chance variation). If the p value is less than or equal to the stated significance level - often set at 5% (p < 0.05) or 1% (p < 0.01) - then the researcher concludes that the results are unlikely to have occurred by chance and are more likely to have occurred because of the manipulation of the independent variable; the results are said to be 'statistically significant'. If the p value is greater than the significance level, the researcher concludes that the results are likely to have occurred by chance variation, and the results are said to be 'nonsignificant'. |
| Panel mortality | The loss of cases in a panel study at later points in time. |
| Panel study | a study that compares the same cases at two or more points in time. |
| Paradigma | 1. A set of principles, theories and methods that encompass a scientific idea. 2. Kuhn defines a paradigm in two ways: first as the entire constellation of beliefs, values and techniques shared by a scientific community; and secondly as the procedures used to solve specific problems and take theories to their logical conclusion. Kuhn also suggests that paradigms function as maps or guides, dictating the kinds of problem/issue which are important to address, the kinds of theories or explanations that are regarded as acceptable, and the kinds of procedure that are used to tackle particular problems. Guba and Lincoln (1998, p.195) argue: 'From our perspective, both qualitative and quantitative methods may be used appropriately with any research paradigm. Questions of method are secondary to questions of paradigm, which we define as the basic belief system or worldview that guides the investigator, not only in choices of method but in ontologically and epistemologically fundamental ways'. They go on to assert: 'Paradigm issues are crucial; no inquirer ? ought to go about the business of inquiry without being clear about just what paradigm informs and guides his or her approach (p.218). [Reference: Guba, E.G. and Lincoln, Y.S. (1998) 'Competing paradigms in qualitative research', in Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (editors) The landscape of qualitative research: theories and issues, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage, pp.195-220] For the purpose of the distance learning research modules, we use the term paradigm to denote a worldview based on a set of values and philosophical assumptions that are shared by a particular academic community and that guide their approach to research. |
| Parameter | 1. A summary value calculated from a population (as opposed to a sample). Contrasts with statistic. 2. A characteristic of a population (e.g. the mean age of all nurses studying the MSc in Nursing by distance learning with the RCN Institute). |
| Parametric statistics | A type of inferential statistic that involves the estimation of at least one parameter. Such tests require either interval or ratio data and involve a number of assumptions about the variables under investigation including the fact that the variable is normally distributed. |
| Partial table | The table for each category of the control variable in a three-variable table. |
| Participant observation | a specification of field study which specifies the participation and observation components. |
| pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan terhadap kine | pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan terhadap kinerja karyawan |
| Percent distribution | The set of categories and the percent in each. |
| Phenomenalism | The idea that only observable phenomena should be studied. |
| Glossary V2.0 | |
Tahukan Anda...
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Interdisciplinary research (IDR) can be one of the most productive and inspiring of human pursuits—one that provides a format for conversations and connections that lead to new knowledge. As a mode of discovery and education, it has delivered much already and promises more—a sustainable environment, healthier and more prosperous lives, new discoveries and technologies to inspire young minds, and a deeper understanding of our place in space and time |