Glossary | |
| These is glossary of research key terms. | |
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| Term | Definition |
| Type I error | An error that occurs when a researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it is true and concludes that a statistically significant relationship/difference exists when it does not. |
| Type II error | An error that occurs when a researcher accepts the null hypothesis when it is false and concludes that no significant relationship/difference exists when it does. |
| Unit of Analysis | (element) what or whom you want to study e.g. individuals, groups, social actions etc. |
| Univariate analysis | The analysis of one variable at a time, e.g., frequency or percent distributions, averages. |
| Unstructured interview | The researcher asks open-ended questions which give the respondent considerable freedom to talk freely on the topic and to influence the direction of the interview since there is no predetermined plan about the specific information to be gathered from those being interviewed. |
| Unstructured observation | The researcher uses direct observation to record behaviours as they occur, with no preconceived ideas of what will be seen; there is no predetermined plan about what will be observed. |
| Utility, utilitarianism | The principle that people make rational choices based on value. |
| Validity | In research terms, validity refers to the accuracy and truth of the data and findings that are produced. It refers to the concepts that are being investigated; the people or objects that are being studied; the methods by which data are collected; and the findings that are produced. There are several different types of validity. |
| Values | 1. Personal and social rules. Associated with emotions. Not facts. 2. describe the degree or type of a variable property that is possessed e.g. for the variable sex the values would be male or female and for the variable weight a number describing the weight e.g. 150 lbs. |
| Variable | 1. An attribute or characteristics of a person or an object that takes on different values (i.e. that varies) within the population under investigation (e.g. age, weight, pulse rate). 2. a condition that changes, a property of interest, the basis on which values or attributes are assigned to members of the population e.g., sex, height, weight, income. 3. trait or characteristic that may change from case to case. |
| Variables | 1. Characteristics, attributes, or qualities of cases. For example, if the cases are persons, the variables could be sex, age, height, weight, feeling of empowerment, math ability, etc. 2. Anything we measure. 3. Constructs in a theory. |
| Variance | 1. A measure of dispersion or variability (spread), calculated by squaring the value of the standard deviation. 2. (Interval/ratio level), a measure of dispersion of the data around the mean, mathematically the variance is the average squared deviation from the mean. For example the variance for the age of an adult sample could be 625. |
| Verification | Testing explanations to prove truth under various circumstances. aka. Justification and Confirmation (see also Falsification) |
| Voluntarism | The causes of phenomena are in the actions of individuals and groups. A thing is the sum of its parts. The economy is sum of firms and households. (vs. Determinism) |
| Volunteer sample | Type of nonprobability sample in which individuals volunteer to be part of the sample. |
| Glossary V2.0 | |
Tahukan Anda...
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Disciplines discipline knowledge: (1) making claims liable for adjudication, (2) producing expertise, and (3) defining truth. (Robert Frodeman and Carl Mitcham) |