Glossary | |
| These is glossary of research key terms. | |
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| Term | Definition |
| Cause | The reason(s) for an event, situation or state occurring. There are many philosophical issues about cause but for statistical causality four criteria must be met (1) concomitant variation, (2) rule out spurious relationships, (3) the cause must precede the effect in time, (4) there must be a theoretical rationale. |
| Census | a collection of data from all the units (individuals, groups, events, etc.) of a population that a researcher is interested in making statements about or referring to in his/her hypothesis. An example is the U.S. Census given every 10 years. |
| Central tendency | A measure of the typicality or centrality of a set of scores; the three main measures of central tendency are mean, median and mode. |
| Chi Square | Statistic used to test the hypothesis that two variables are not related to each other. |
| Clinical trial | A large-scale experiment designed to test the effectiveness of a clinical treatment. |
| Closed system | A closed system has no inputs from or outputs to any external world and hence is totally isolated. Scientific experiments seek to create this so the effects of deliberate causal variation of one thing can be seen without having to worry whether the cause was external. |
| Cluster Sampling | 1. A multi-stage sampling scheme in which the population is first divided into clusters, then a sample of these clusters is chosen via simple random sampling, and then a simple random sample of population elements is selected within the chosen clusters. This differs from stratified sampling in that in stratified sampling, all strata are sampled, whereas in cluster sampling we take a sample of clusters, not all clusters. Cluster sampling is used when it is difficult to construct a sampling frame for the entire population, or when it is too costly to visit randomly chosen population elements. 2. a probability sampling strategy involving successive sampling of units (or clusters); the units sampled progress from larger ones to smaller ones (e.g. health authority/health board, trust, senior managers). |
| Coding | A procedure for transforming raw data into a standardised format for data analysis purposes. Coding qualitative data involves identifying recurrent words, concepts or themes. In positivist research, coding involves attaching numerical values to categories. |
| Column Percents | Percentages in a table that add down to 100. |
| Conceptualization | The process of clarifying and specifying the meaning(s) of variables in a problem statement or hypothesis in order to facilitate examination of relevant research by refining and developing a clear, precise, testable hypothesis. |
| Concordant pair | a pair of cases in which one member of the pair is higher than the other member on both variables. |
| Confidence interval | A confidence interval identifies a range of values that includes the true population value of a particular characteristic at a specified probability level (usually 95%). |
| Confidence Levels and Confidence Interva | a range of values around the point estimate (a statistic value) for a population that express the degree we are confident that the point estimate accurately reflects the population parameter e.g. common confidence 90%, 95%,and 99% and one would say that we are 95% confident that the population mean lies between plus or minus 7.5% points of the observed statistic value. |
| Confounding variabel | A variable, other than the variable(s) under investigation, which is not controlled for and which may distort the results of experimental research. |
| Connotation | The deep and cultural meaning of a word ('tree' as 'strength', 'oak' as 'Englishness'). |
| Glossary V2.0 | |
Tahukan Anda...
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Pemahaman diri masing-masing pribadi biasanya diarahkan pada kecerdasan yang menonjol/dominan pada dirinya. Misal: (1) orang logis matematik, memandang dirinya secara analitis. (2) orang linguistik, memandang diri/mendefinisikan diri dengan kata-kata (3) orang kinestetik, merasakan realita pada tulang belulang melalui gerak tubuh. Sebuah kekeliruan apabila kita menilai orang lain melalui kebiasaan atau kecerdasan bawaan yang sama dengan diri kita. Hal ini menyalahi/tidak sesuai dengan “teori kecerdasan majemuk yang validasi tertingginya adalah perbedaan individu.”
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