Glossary | |
| These is glossary of research key terms. | |
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| Term | Definition |
| Descriptive statistics | 1. Statistical methods used to describe or summarise data collected from a specific sample (e.g. mean, median, mode, range, standard deviation). 2. Data summary techniques describing characteristics of a variable (means, median, mode, range, standard deviation) or the relationship between variables (correlation). |
| Descriptive Study | A descriptive study is similar to an exploratory study in that we do not attempt to test hypotheses. Often, they are used in settings where a theory of how variables are related is already in place, but specific values for each of the variables are needed for specific cases in order to take some action. For example, if an organization is considering adopting a new benefits package that costs more but has new features that might be attractive, the organization needs to know what the needs of the employees are to determine whether the package makes sense for them. For example, if the main feature of the more expensive package is a domestic partner program (that's where homosexual partners of employees are entitled to health insurance just like heterosexual spouses), it makes sense to find out how many gay & lesbian employees the firm has. |
| Determinism | 1. Causes exist in social relations which are external constraints on individual choices. A thing has a separate reality which affects its parts. Society thus has its own independent reality. (vs. Voluntarism). 2. The belief that everything is caused by specified factors (antecedent factors) in a predictable way rather than haphazardly; a key assumption within the positivist paradigm. |
| Directed numbers | In using numbers to represent situations we sometimes need to know the direction as well as the size of the number. An example of this is with temperature where a direction is chosen as positive (+) and the opposite direction is taken as negative (-). So if above zero degrees is positive (+), then below zero degrees is negative. |
| Directional hypothesis (or one-tailed hy | A hypothesis that makes a specific prediction about the nature and direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. |
| Discordant Pair | a pair of cases in which one member of the pair is higher than the other member on one of the variables, but lower on the other variable. |
| Dispersion | The distribution or variability of values for a variable e.g. range, standard deviation. |
| Documentary method | To find meaning in the sensory storm, we draw on a stock of stories and meaningful interpretations. Finding a story that fits, we transform the evidence to support the story. The stories themselves also are being constantly renegotiated. |
| Dogmatic Falsification | Assuming that one falsification renders a theory useless. |
| Duhem Tesis | An empirical test can never falsify an isolated hypothesis -- it actually challenges the whole theoretical system of which it is a part. |
| Effect size | is a way of quantifying the difference between two groups. For example, in this study, one group of classes has had an 'experimental' treatment and the other has not (the 'control'). The effect size is a measure of the effectiveness of the treatment. An effect size of 0.4 for example means that the average person in the experimental group is higher than 66% of the control group. |
| Elaboration | The process of adding a control variable into the analysis. |
| Elements of a Population | In the context of sampling, elements are cases -- units of observation. They are the things being sampled. In general, elements are persons. |
| Emic perspective (emic view) | A term used by ethnographers to refer to the insider's or native's view of his or her world (see also etic perspective). |
| Empirical regularities | Where correlation is found between two variables (not necessarily cause and effect) |
| Glossary V2.0 | |
Tahukan Anda...
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Orang yang tidak akan melihat warna yang sama meskipun obyeknya sama (merahku tidak sama dengan merahmu), demikian juga dengan proses pengenalan kecerdasan memiliki sebagian unsur yang sama sebagaimana proses yang digunakan untuk membedakan warna oleh penderita buta warna setiap orang harus mencari cara untuk membedakan warna dengan menggunakan kecerdasan yang secara alamiah ada pada diri mereka. |