Glossary | |
| These is glossary of research key terms. | |
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| Term | Definition |
| Grounded theory | A research approach used to develop conceptual categories/theory about social processes inductively from real-world observations (data) from a selected group of people. The researcher may subsequently make further observations to test out the developed categories/theory. |
| Haphazard Sampling | A non-probability sampling scheme in which population elements are chosen based on convenience (e.g., choosing your friends to make up a sample of college students). |
| Hegemony | The constant struggle between social forces to create meaning |
| Hermeneutics | Discovery of meaning (originally in Bible). |
| Histogram | A graph of a frequency distribution in which bars extend from the exact limits of the class intervals to indicate the frequency of individual classifications. |
| Hypothesis | 1. A statement that predicts the relationship between variables (specifically the relationship between the independent and dependent variables). A hypothesis may be directional or non-directional. 2. A postulated relationship between a pair of variables. The reason for expecting the variables to be related should come from a theory. 3. Any theory-based prediction about some measurable data. 4. Unproven but testable idea. 5. a proposed relationship between two or more variables, may be causal or simply a relationship e.g. a proposed relationship between a persons gender and income. |
| Hypothesis Testing | An empirical test to see if there is support for a proposed hypothesis. An example is surveying workers on their yearly income and gender to determine if there is a relationship between gender and income. |
| Hypothetico-deductive model | Popper's definition of science as 'testable' statements. |
| Ideal tipe | Simple generalization that accepts complexity and its own imperfection. |
| Idealism | We construct our own reality. To study people is to study that construction. |
| Idiographic (or Ideographic) | The individualized method of cultural sciences for depicting particular circumstances (like particularism). |
| Inclusion | The successful education of all students (whether with or without disabilities, disadvantages, etc.) together in the same schools and classrooms, while celebrating the resulting diversity, including various abilities and cultures. |
| Incommensurable | Two paradigms are incommensurable in that the criteria of one cannot be used to judge the truth of the other. |
| Independent variable | 1. The variable (or antecedent) that is assumed to cause or influence the dependent variable(s) or outcome. The independent variable is manipulated in experimental research to observe its effect on the dependent variable(s). It is sometimes referred to as the treatment variable. 2. the causal variable in a hypothesized relationship, it is proposed to be independent of, prior to, deterministic of, a dependant variable e.g. in a hypothesized relationship between gender and income, gender is an independent variable in that it is prior to and thought to be a determiner of income. 3. the variable that affects another variable. |
| Index | composite measures of variables, a sum of individual variables that represent a more general variable. For example the FBI Crime index, a summary of criminal offenses reported, and the seven majors index (same as the FBI Crime index but does not include arson or thefts under $200). |
| Glossary V2.0 | |
Tahukan Anda...
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Zakat menurut bahasa artinya adalah “berkembang” (an namaa`) atau “pensucian” (at tath-hiir). Adapun menurut syara’, zakat adalah hak yang telah ditentukan besarnya yang wajib dikeluarkan pada harta-harta tertentu (haqqun muqaddarun yajibu fi amwalin mu’ayyanah) (Zallum, 1983 : 147). |