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Glossary
These is glossary of research key terms. This glossary is intended as an aid to professionals and non-professionals who find the world of research somewhat intimidating. While it is impossible to cover all the terms that can be confusing, this document briefly defines some of the more common terms and concepts.

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Term Definition
Dependability
The dependability of a study is evaluated if it meets the associated criterion of auditability. Auditability is achieved when a researcher provides a sufficiently clear account of the research process to allow others to follow the researcher's thinking and conclusions about the data and thus assess whether the findings are dependable.
 
Dependent variable
1. In experimental research, the dependent variable is the variable presumed within the research hypothesis to depend on (be caused by) another variable (the independent variable); it is sometimes referred to as the outcome variable. 2. a variable that is hypothesized to be caused by, or depend on, another variable, the independent variable. e.g. in a hypothesized relationship between gender and income, income is a dependent variable in that it occurs after gender occurs and is thought to be determined or caused to some extent by the gender of a person.
 
Descriptive statistics
1. Statistical methods used to describe or summarise data collected from a specific sample (e.g. mean, median, mode, range, standard deviation). 2. Data summary techniques describing characteristics of a variable (means, median, mode, range, standard deviation) or the relationship between variables (correlation).
 
Descriptive Study
A descriptive study is similar to an exploratory study in that we do not attempt to test hypotheses. Often, they are used in settings where a theory of how variables are related is already in place, but specific values for each of the variables are needed for specific cases in order to take some action. For example, if an organization is considering adopting a new benefits package that costs more but has new features that might be attractive, the organization needs to know what the needs of the employees are to determine whether the package makes sense for them. For example, if the main feature of the more expensive package is a domestic partner program (that's where homosexual partners of employees are entitled to health insurance just like heterosexual spouses), it makes sense to find out how many gay & lesbian employees the firm has.
 
Determinism
1. Causes exist in social relations which are external constraints on individual choices. A thing has a separate reality which affects its parts. Society thus has its own independent reality. (vs. Voluntarism). 2. The belief that everything is caused by specified factors (antecedent factors) in a predictable way rather than haphazardly; a key assumption within the positivist paradigm.
 
Directed numbers
In using numbers to represent situations we sometimes need to know the direction as well as the size of the number. An example of this is with temperature where a direction is chosen as positive (+) and the opposite direction is taken as negative (-). So if above zero degrees is positive (+), then below zero degrees is negative.
 
Directional hypothesis (or one-tailed hy
A hypothesis that makes a specific prediction about the nature and direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
 


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