Glossary | |
| These is glossary of research key terms. | |
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| Term | Definition |
| Ideal tipe | Simple generalization that accepts complexity and its own imperfection. |
| Idealism | We construct our own reality. To study people is to study that construction. |
| Idiographic (or Ideographic) | The individualized method of cultural sciences for depicting particular circumstances (like particularism). |
| Inclusion | The successful education of all students (whether with or without disabilities, disadvantages, etc.) together in the same schools and classrooms, while celebrating the resulting diversity, including various abilities and cultures. |
| Incommensurable | Two paradigms are incommensurable in that the criteria of one cannot be used to judge the truth of the other. |
| Independent variable | 1. The variable (or antecedent) that is assumed to cause or influence the dependent variable(s) or outcome. The independent variable is manipulated in experimental research to observe its effect on the dependent variable(s). It is sometimes referred to as the treatment variable. 2. the causal variable in a hypothesized relationship, it is proposed to be independent of, prior to, deterministic of, a dependant variable e.g. in a hypothesized relationship between gender and income, gender is an independent variable in that it is prior to and thought to be a determiner of income. 3. the variable that affects another variable. |
| Index | composite measures of variables, a sum of individual variables that represent a more general variable. For example the FBI Crime index, a summary of criminal offenses reported, and the seven majors index (same as the FBI Crime index but does not include arson or thefts under $200). |
| Inductive reasoning | 1. A logical process of reasoning used to develop more general rules from specific observations; this type of reasoning moves from the specific to the more generalised. 2. a logical process of developing generalizations "theories" based on specific observations e.g. one sees ducks flying south together for the winter and generalizes "Birds of a feather flock together" or for criminal behavior "Juvenile delinquents associate with other juvenile delinquents" [Note: this example is used to encourage you to think about possible errors such as over generalization, inaccurate observation, etc. in this type of reasoning]. |
| Inferential statistics | 1. Statistics that allow a researcher to make inferences about whether relationships observed in a sample are likely to occur in the wider population from which that sample was drawn. Inferential statistics use logic and mathematical processes in order to test hypotheses relating to a specific population based on data gathered from a sample of the population of interest. 2. techniques designed to specify estimates and confidence in estimates, of a population based on data collected from a sample. |
| Informed consent | The process of obtaining voluntary participation of individuals in research based on a full understanding of the possible benefits and risks. |
| Interactionism | Meaning is created by interactions between people. eg. the Looking-glass self. |
| Internal validity | Refers to the extent to which changes in the dependent variable (the observed effects) can be attributed to the independent variable rather than to extraneous variables. |
| Interpretation | 1. A term used in the analysis of the relationship between three variables, the elaboration model, to refer to the situation where a control variable is found to be the mediating factor in a bivariate relationship. 2. outcome of elaboration in which the control variable shows how one variable is related to another. |
| Interrater reliability (interobserver re | A measure of the consistency between the ratings/values assigned to an attribute that is being rated or observed; it is usually expressed as a percentage of agreement between two raters/observers or as a coefficient of agreement which may then be expressed as a probability. Usually employed by researchers using structured observation techniques. |
| Intersubjectivity | By sharing time and space, two actors communicate in a process of understanding. |
| Glossary V2.0 | |
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