Glossary | |
| These is glossary of research key terms. | |
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| Term | Definition |
| Objective knowledge | Knowledge that is separate from what it describes. This independence gives it truth. |
| Observation | A method of data collection in which data are gathered through visual observations. |
| Observed frequencies | For chi square, the number of cases actually observed in a particular cell of the table. |
| One-tailed test | Used by a researcher when testing a directional (or one-tailed) hypothesis, this type of test of statistical significance uses only one tail of an underlying distribution of scores/values to determine significance. |
| Open system | Open systems have all parts are interconnected and have no boundaries (thus there is only one open system). Changing one part may thus affect any other part of the system. Relationships and linkages are important. Idealists see the world as an open system and Positivist attempts to create closed systems as futile and misleading. |
| Operational definition | 1. The procedures or operations used to observe or measure a specific concept. Operationalisation is the process of translating specific research concepts into observable phenomena that are measurable. 2. a specific, precise statement of a concept (variable) in terms of the operations used to measure and categorize observations. For example the operational definition for gender could be the choice selected by a person answering the question "What is your gender ___(1) female ____(2) male" or in secondary analysis the operational definition of crimes could be the number of crimes reported by official agencies (police, sheriff) of a county in their annual report. |
| Operationalize | Putting ideas into action. Translating a hypothesis into a test. |
| Opinion | Statement of one's beliefs or feelings. |
| Ordinal measurement | a level of measurement that is characterized by having a rank or order to the measurement of the variable attributes, mathematically this allows all functions of nominal measures plus ranking -- making greater than and less than comparisons. Statistically acceptable techniques are median, Interquartile range, Spearman's rho, Mann-Whitney U. Examples include: military grades (private, sergeant etc.), most attitude question choices [(1)strongly agree to (6) strongly disagree]. |
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