Glossary | |
| These is glossary of research key terms. | |
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| Term | Definition |
| p value | p is the symbol for the probability that is associated with the outcome of a test of the null hypothesis (i.e. it is the probability that an observed inferential statistic occurred through chance variation). If the p value is less than or equal to the stated significance level - often set at 5% (p < 0.05) or 1% (p < 0.01) - then the researcher concludes that the results are unlikely to have occurred by chance and are more likely to have occurred because of the manipulation of the independent variable; the results are said to be 'statistically significant'. If the p value is greater than the significance level, the researcher concludes that the results are likely to have occurred by chance variation, and the results are said to be 'nonsignificant'. |
| Panel mortality | The loss of cases in a panel study at later points in time. |
| Panel study | a study that compares the same cases at two or more points in time. |
| Paradigma | 1. A set of principles, theories and methods that encompass a scientific idea. 2. Kuhn defines a paradigm in two ways: first as the entire constellation of beliefs, values and techniques shared by a scientific community; and secondly as the procedures used to solve specific problems and take theories to their logical conclusion. Kuhn also suggests that paradigms function as maps or guides, dictating the kinds of problem/issue which are important to address, the kinds of theories or explanations that are regarded as acceptable, and the kinds of procedure that are used to tackle particular problems. Guba and Lincoln (1998, p.195) argue: 'From our perspective, both qualitative and quantitative methods may be used appropriately with any research paradigm. Questions of method are secondary to questions of paradigm, which we define as the basic belief system or worldview that guides the investigator, not only in choices of method but in ontologically and epistemologically fundamental ways'. They go on to assert: 'Paradigm issues are crucial; no inquirer ? ought to go about the business of inquiry without being clear about just what paradigm informs and guides his or her approach (p.218). [Reference: Guba, E.G. and Lincoln, Y.S. (1998) 'Competing paradigms in qualitative research', in Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (editors) The landscape of qualitative research: theories and issues, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage, pp.195-220] For the purpose of the distance learning research modules, we use the term paradigm to denote a worldview based on a set of values and philosophical assumptions that are shared by a particular academic community and that guide their approach to research. |
| Parameter | 1. A summary value calculated from a population (as opposed to a sample). Contrasts with statistic. 2. A characteristic of a population (e.g. the mean age of all nurses studying the MSc in Nursing by distance learning with the RCN Institute). |
| Parametric statistics | A type of inferential statistic that involves the estimation of at least one parameter. Such tests require either interval or ratio data and involve a number of assumptions about the variables under investigation including the fact that the variable is normally distributed. |
| Partial table | The table for each category of the control variable in a three-variable table. |
| Participant observation | a specification of field study which specifies the participation and observation components. |
| Percent distribution | The set of categories and the percent in each. |
| Phenomenalism | The idea that only observable phenomena should be studied. |
| Phenomenology | 1. A research methodology which has its roots in philosophy and which focuses on the lived experience of individuals. 2. Knowledge is discovered through open, unbiased description of experience. |
| Physicalism | As there is one set of physical things to study (including people) then a common language is feasible to describe all experience. |
| Populasi | Berdasarkan pendapat Arikunto, populasi adalah keseluruhan subjek penelitian. Mantra dan Kasto: “Populasi adalah jumlah keseluruhan dari unit analisa yang ciri-cirinya akan diduga. |
| Population | 1. A well-defined group or set that has certain specified properties (e.g. all registered midwives working full-time in Scotland). 2. In the context of sampling, population refers to the universe of all possible cases. If you are studying the members of IBM, it is the set of all members of IBM. Can be used in contrast to sample. |
| Population Parameters | Number value that represents a summary characteristics of a population (in contrast to the statistics that describe sample data). The Greek letter mu (µ) signifies a population's mean. An example would be: the mean weight of a human population is 135 lbs. |
| Glossary V2.0 | |
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Multiple intelligences- that defines intelligence as not being a single or fixed capacity. The theory offers a range of preferred approaches to learning. They are linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal. Each one is a system in it"s own right and independent from others, although they do interact. Howard Gardner (1983) |