Glossary | |
| These is glossary of research key terms. | |
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| Term | Definition |
| Significance level | Established at the outset by a researcher when using statistical analysis to test a hypothesis (e.g. 0.05 level or 0.01 significance level). A significance level of 0.05 indicates the probability that an observed difference or relationship would be found by chance only 5 times out of every 100 (1 out of every 100 for a significance level of 0.01). It indicates the risk of the researcher making a Type I error (i.e. an error that occurs when a researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it is true and concludes that a statistically significant relationship/difference exists when it does not). |
| Simple Random Sample (SRS) | 1. A sample of a population where all units in the population have an equal chance of being chosen. This is a basic assumption for data analysis using statistics e.g. if the names of all people in a school were placed on an index card, mixed in a bowl and drawn one at a time to determine the sample. 2. sample in which every case or combination of cases has the same chance of being selected in the sample. |
| Simple Random Sampling (SRS) | 1. A sample in which the population is first divided into strata (classes of elements). Within each stratum, each element has an equal chance of being chosen for the sample. 2. this probability sampling method gives each eligible element/unit an equal chance of being selected in the sample; random procedures are employed to select a sample using a sampling frame. |
| Situated | Knowledge is situated where the context is a part of the meaning, making it difficult to transport or generalize. Things can be historically situated and socially situated. |
| Skewness(Interval/ratio level) | Measures the degree to which a variable approximates a normal curve. Mathematically it measures the deviation from symmetry. A 0 is completely symmetrical while a plus number is skewed to the right and a minus number is skewed to the left. |
| Snowball Sampling | 1. A non-probability sampling scheme in which you begin by sampling one person, then ask that person for the names of other people you might interview, then interview them and obtain a list of people from them, and so on. 2. a non-probability sampling strategy whereby referrals from earlier participants are used to gather the required number of participants. |
| Specification | 1. an outcome in using the elaboration modeling which the control variable identifies the conditions under which the relationship between the independent and dependant variables occurs. e.g. 2. outcome of elaboration in which the control variable specifies the conditions under which the relationship between the independent and dependent variables varies. |
| Speech Act theory | Speaking is acting. We are both stating and doing. |
| Spurious | a relationship that disappears completely or decreases substantially when an antecedent control variable is introduced into the analysis. |
| Standard deviation | 1. A descriptive statistic used to measure the degree of variability within a set of scores. 2. (Interval/ratio level of measurement), a standardized measure of dispersion of the data around the mean, mathematically the standard deviation is the square root of the variance and thus is standardized on the units measured and intrinsically more understandable. For example the standard deviation for the age of an adult sample could be 25 years which means that 68.2% of the population is between the mean -25 and the mean +25. If the mean is 31 then 68.2% of the population is between 6 and 56 years of age. |
| Standard error | *the standard deviation of all possible sample means that could be drawn from a population. The standard error estimates for us how much disagreement there might be between our sample mean and the population mean. |
| Statistic | 1. A statistic generally refers to a summary value calculated from a sample. For example, we might compute the average age of all respondents. The term contrasts with population parameter. 2. An estimate of a parameter calculated from a set of data gathered from a sample. 3. number value that represents a summary characteristic of a sample drawn from a population. It is a point estimate of the parameter value for the population. Statistics are usually designated by roman letters (e.g. the mean weight of a sample `X = 135lbs). |
| Statistical analysis | Most statistical analysis is based on the principle of gathering data from a sample of individuals and using those data to make inferences about the wider population from which the sample was drawn. |
| Statistical inference | 1. A procedure using the laws of probability to infer the attributes of a population based on information gathered from a sample. 2. the process of making generalizations about the population from sample data. |
| Statistical significance | 1. A term used to indicate whether the results of an analysis of data drawn from a sample are unlikely to have been cause by chance at a specified level of probability (usually 0.05 or 0.01). 2. the observed difference is large enough to conclude that it is probably not due to chance factors. |
| Glossary V2.0 | |
Tahukan Anda...
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Love is not just an emotion or feeling that changes when the loved one changes, but rather, it is the act of choosing to do what is in the best interest of the loved one over the long haul whether s/he deserves it or not, despite the cost to oneself and without expecting anything in return. |